Brazil :: essays research papers fc

In 1822, Brazil became a nation independent from Portugal. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military government to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development. With an abundance of natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970’s. Brazil is located in Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is slightly smaller than the U.S., with bordering countries Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guyana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has many natural resources, including bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, and timber. The climate is tropical in the north, but temperate in the south. The terrain consists of mostly flat to rolling lowlands, with some plains, hills, mountains, and a narrow coastal belt. In recent years, environmentalists have become increasingly concerned over the future of the Amazon region, where human life has threatened the world's largest intact rain forest. Brasilia is the capital and main source of modern industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The total population in Brazil is 167,988,000. The population grows at a rate of 0.91%, with a life expectancy of 64 years for the total population; the female life expectancy is 67.73 years and the male is 58.96 years. The Brazilian people are very diverse. Three main ethnic groups exist in the country: Portuguese, Native American, and African. The Portuguese, Spanish and English languages are spoken throughout Brazil. However, Portuguese cultural influences remain strong, with Portuguese as the primary language and Roman Catholicism as the principal religion. The definition of literacy being those who are aged fifteen and older who can read and write, the literacy rate in Brazil is 83% for the entire population. Before 1930, the Brazilian economy was dominated by a number of agricultural and mineral products for export. The world economic depression of the 1930s encouraged the government to diversify the economy, particularly through industrialization. Consequently, the importance of agriculture and mining has fallen significantly. A major objective of Brazil's industrialization policy was to replace imported manufactures with Brazilian-made ones. It is now able to export goods such as iron ore, soybeans, footwear, and coffee. Its imports include machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, and electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Brazil traditionally has been an exporter of primary agricultural and mineral products, these now make up only 40 percent of overseas trade, with manufactured goods becoming the primary export.

The Role of Accounting in Organizational Control

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL By: Abdur Rehman (IIUI) Table of Contents Introduction 3 Accounting4 Key Theories in Organizational Control6 * Key Theories8 Role of Accounting in Organization’s Control10 * Working of Control Theory at Workplace12 Conclusion13 References 14 online sources15 Introduction Accounting is the gathering and compilation of information for decision makers – including investors, managers, lenders, public and the regulators. Accounting schemes influence performance and management and have affects on organizations, departments, and even countries.Information controlled within an accounting scheme has the influence to manipulate actions. Accounting information systems are largely strong behavioral drivers in the perspective of a corporation – where bottom line and profits are every day concerns. In this paper we will discuss the role of accounting plays in organizations control. Accounting has impact on each and every aspect of the organization from record keeping to manufacturing and from sales to further investment.It is accounting concepts and details in shape of Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting, Management Accounting or whatever you may call which gives insight of an organization for the stake holders to think and plan for future. Accounting prompt owners to expand, managers to plan, equity investors to invest, bankers to lend, tax officials to calculate and buyers to spend etc. we will briefly discuss different calculation concepts which are based on the accounting data which effect investment and leads to ultimate organizations control. Organizations are sets of agreements among ersons or groups who are aggravated by self-interest for the collection of resources and contribute to the information to achieve control in the organization. Accounting and control provides a similar utility in organizations. We shall try to highlight some control theories and role of accounting in up-coming pages. A ccounting Accounting is the main means of serving managers of an organization, potential equity investors, creditors and bond holders, equity investors, creditors and bond holders of an organization, customers and suppliers of an organization and other stake holders to take decisions.Accounting is somewhat to facilitate people in their individual lives a lot as it affects organizations. We all use bookkeeping thoughts when we map what we are going to accomplish with our wealth. We have to chart out how much of it we will use and how much we will keep. We may engrave a chart, recognized as a financial plan, or we may merely maintain it in our minds. Though, when people usually talk about accounting it means the kind used by trade and other business organizations who also keep a record of it which is then used by different stakeholders including owners, buyers, investors, tax officials, banks etc. or a variety of rationales. (Frank Wood, 1997, p 4) Generally speaking Accounting can be defined as â€Å"distinguishing, manipulative and matching economic information to let well-informed selection and decision by users of the information. (Frank Wood, 1997, p 253) Accounting can also be defined as â€Å"the language of business† because it is the essential device for recording, coverage, and evaluating economic proceedings and dealings that influence business ventures.Accounting procedures gather all the aspects of a business's financial presentation including from capital expenses, payroll costs, and other responsibility to sales proceeds and owners' equity. Financial data enclosed in accounting documents is then interpreted and used as essential in reaching to the actual picture of a business's true financial comfort. Equipped with said meaningful knowledge, businesses can make suitable financial, managerial and strategic decisions about their future opportunities; on the other hand, unfinished or incorrect accounting data can destroy a company, no matter its volume or orientation.Accounting's significance as an indicator of business health in provisions of precedent, current, and upcoming and tool of business steering is replicated in the language of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), which distinct accounting as a â€Å"service activity. † Accounting, said the AICPA, is projected â€Å"to provide quantitative information, largely financial in character, about economic actions that are intentional to be helpful in reaching at economic decisions, making logical choices among alternative courses of action. † Key Theories in Organizational ControlOrganizations are sets of agreements among persons or groups who are aggravated by self-interest for the collection of resources and contribute to the information to achieve control in the organization. All wonders of the world are physical substance which we could see or touch. Civilization has always calculated the deeds of its evolutions by â€Å" hardware,† from the Pyramids to the Great Wall of China. But, the truth is that world is never ruled by the brilliant engineers rather these greatest achievements of human kind are due to the organization who made these Pyramids or the Great Wall possible.Similarly bravery of Alexander the Great is legend, but it was organizational skill that made him so great his skills with the sword or horse. Organization plan and process are the unacknowledged â€Å"software† of human evolution. Combining a lot of individuals for a common purpose is virtually impossible in-spite of their engineering skills without such software when those individuals are free to select and proceed for their own goals. Accounting and control are the key factors in organization in terms of how they are put together, function, sustain, transformed, and suspend.Recurring to the computer symbol, if humans and capital are the hardware of organizations, accounting and control are their operating software. Software unites different parts of the computer in their proper association, and makes it possible to function. Accounting and control provides a similar utility in organizations. Considering organizations as a group of agreements among people crafts it easier to see the enabling utility of accounting and control. As organizations are in hundreds of sizes and forms, so the same exists for accounting and control systems.A broad survey of their mixture and degree is a fine starting point to construct a theory of accounting and control in organizations. A distinct feature of control theory as compare to other personal theories is that it is being derived from the working of mechanical processes. Current modern control theory was originated by Norbet Wiener’s 1948 Cybernetics. Initially it was applied to physical systems however same was applicable to human behavior. It connects multiple disciplines like mathematics, neurophysiology, anthropology, psychology, biology, electrical engineering, etc. t has the capacity to link all such field combine to describe how a system work as a whole. Same is done by dividing the system into specific pieces and studying the relations and connections among them. For the control theory to be applicable on humans, it is important to show that same kind of direct similarities exists among the concepts linked with machines that can also be associated with humans. Certain assumptions are required for control theory to work including; I. Human beings have a system in themselvesII. Society has also a system III. These systems are self amendable This overview shows a simple and easy look of control theory, however the functioning of the theory is quite complex in reality. Therefore, it is necessary to outline and review the components for a greater considerate as well as to be able to relate the theory in helpful, practical, and appropriate ways. Researchers have recognized that control processes are the main and essential ways in which organizations work.As control theory exploration ranges on many years and based on a number of rich customs, hypothetical limits have reserved it from producing reliable and interpretable practical conclusions and from reaching agreement relating to the character of key associations. However it reveals that we can overcome such problems by synthesizing varied, yet matching, flow of control researches into an academic framework and experiential tests that can more explain the variety of control methods (e. g. the use of norms, rules, monitoring or direct supervision) meant for specific control targets (e. . behavior, input, output etc. ) are applied within specific kinds of control systems (i. e. integrative, bureaucracy, clan, market). Before going into further details, firstly we shall look upon the characteristics of an effective control system. Any organization must develop control systems which contribute to the organizational goals and resources. There are several charac teristics, some of which are described as below; I. Focus on vital points: Vital points include all the fields of an organization’s operations that directly contribute to the success of its operations.For example, controls must be applied where costs can’t be exceeded from a certain amount. II. Incorporation into recognized procedures: For effective controls, procedures must be in line and not disturb operations. III. Acceptance by internal customers: Involvement of employee during making of control design increase its acceptance among internal customers. IV. Timely availability of information: Project costs, deadlines, time period to complete the project, associated costs, priority, etc. must be available in devising any control mechanism.Any deviation or uninformed workers mostly contribute for failures. V. Economic feasibility: Effective organization control systems gave answers to questions such as, â€Å"What it costs? † â€Å"How much it saves? † or â€Å"What is the return on the investment? † Shortly, comparison of costs with benefits guarantees that the payback of controls prevail over the costs. VI. Correctness: Efficient control systems give truthful information which is valid, reliable, consistent and useful. VII. Unambiguousness: Controls must be easy and simple to recognize.Control Theory is somewhat difficult to recognize in a hypothetical wisdom and trying to use it for the examination or relevance for problem solving in actual world conditions is likewise complex. Control theory has some similarity with goal setting theory, but this similarity is a more complex as it can help us to link and understood concepts easily with the more complicated aspects of Control Theory, but at the same time it causes confusion on the requirement or utilization of Control Theory. Similarly, jargons used in Control Theory is absent in other similar theories which may become a source of confusion.Furthermore, Control Theory may l ooks to be like goal setting theory, however many people have expressed their concern that control theory is more mechanistic to be applied to humans. When examining Control Theory, it must be helpful to kept in mind the similarities, but at the same time linking of concepts must also be kept examined along-with conditions or theory apparatus with care as they may become the basis for more perplexity than the advantage such comparisons produce. Simply Control Theory is a theory in itself, not just Goal Setting Theory. Below are the Key Theories of Organizational Control.Key Theories Baligaand Jaeger (1984) relates control to procedures â€Å"where a person / group or organization decide or deliberately influence what the other person, group or organization will do†. In their words, the monitoring process is at the center of control because in such situation targets are set and performance is evaluated. Control is required in order to make people act according to the best inte rest of the organization. Ouchi (1979) and his colleagues developed the dominant key theory of organization control which forecasts the option among control methods as a utility of the task perspective.Ouchi divides control mechanisms into three categories: markets, bureaucracies and clans. However it has two limitations; I. It predicts the options of control alternates but not the effect of those alternates on performance. II. It restricts those choices to a single control alternate in a specific context and do not allow the choice of a combination or portfolio of control alternates. Merchant’s (1985) define three parts classification where results and action controls looks like to some degree of bureaucratic controls and clan controls overlap with social controls.Results control is normally discussed in financial results whereas action controls include physical and administrative behavioral restraint. Social group influence, preparation, individual self-control, rewards as well as assortment and appointment procedures comprise of personnel controls. Simons (1995) has divided in four categories for control systems including use, Beliefs and boundary systems and diagnostic and interactive control. From such division, diagnostic controls looks like the traditional results controls or accounting, where measures may be non-financial.However, accounting information can also be used by the managers interactively through highlighting the most important events in usual interaction with subordinates. Boundary systems can be taken somewhat similar to action controls, and Merchant’s (1985) social controls can comprise of belief systems, which are a form of positive control posing no limitations but presenting possibility for prospect development. Klein explains the integrated control theory which defines that adding cognitive communication between the comparator and the effecter.Moreover it is the communication among the two which depicts that in humanâ₠¬â„¢s the sensor, principles, or behavior and not a set piece. Given below is the list of the main components of the integrated control theory model. I. Goal II. Behavior III. Performance IV. Feedback (Sensor) V. Comparator VI. Error VII. Attribution Search VIII. Subjective Expected Utility of Goal Attainment IX. Individual and Situational Characteristics, Goal Choice and Cognitive Change X. Behavior Change Role of Accounting in Organization’s ControlAlthough management control encompasses a broad range of mechanisms and practices besides accounting, however accounting form an essential element of the control systems. Accounting can waive off the gap between a headquarters and its subsidiaries, as it is a communication which can make local problems a global substance Therefore, accounting explains operations making performance evident and consequently handy. However, the accountability system is habitually quite a means for headquarters to keep an eye on and get involved in s ubsidiaries’ dealings than a means to chart the subsidiaries according to their individual judgment.This means that accounting also produces and constructs distance in stipulations of gap and time by signifying the accountability structures. In addition, accounting can defend a subsidiary in opposition to the headquarters as long as the exposure necessities are correctly met. Accounting and control systems plays an important role in acquisitions and mergers which is mainly used to expand business to foreign countries. In the words of Jones (1985) accounting controls may be of significant importance during the initial phase of the business after an acquisition.According to him, a lot of changes in accounting systems and control may cause a negative impact and results in undesirable outcomes. Granlund (2003) suggests that accounting system acts as important factor in a merger, as an integrator of the organizations. However Roberts (1990), advises that accounting controls may im pede the development of a profitable longer term strategy. In a business's accounting system when the reports are prepared in different formats and essential data is maneuver or recapitulate in different customs to make possible decision making.Accountants unite these data objects in a variety of ways to give information to internal as well as external users. Said data holds information potentially pertinent to a wide range of groups. Along-with business owners, who depend on accounting data to measure their enterprise's financial development, accounting data can convey relevant and important information to creditors, investors, managers, and others who coordinate with the business. Accounting is mainly used for three major purposes; I. External reporting: these reports are used by the creditors, investors, outside parties and government authorities.II. Routine internal reporting: Periodically generated reports which are used by the managers to take internal decisions. III. Non-rout ine internal reporting: Such kind of reports is generated to support decisions and different projects which come-up due to need. It is pertinent to mention that while origination of different kind of reports by using different formats, basic is summarized and manipulated to facilitate for decision making. However accounting can be broadly divided into following distinct divisions: * Financial Accounting * Management AccountingFinancial accounting is a branch of accounting that provides people outside the business—such as investors or loan officers—with qualitative information regarding an enterprise's economic resources, obligations, financial performance, and cash flow. Financial accounting measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Executive compensation is tied to profit figures reported in the financial statements and equity share valuation is also based to a large extent on these financial statements.Management accounting, on the other hand, refers to accounting data used by business owners, supervisors, and other employees of a business to measure their enterprises’ strength and operating styles. Management accounting as a discipline focuses on accounting information that facilitates decision making by managers of the organization. Accounting data is also used in Cost Accounting which is defined as a type of accounting procedure that  aspire to incarcerate a company's expenses of manufacture by appraising the contribution costs of every step of manufacture as well as predetermined or fixed costs such as depreciation in capital equipment.Cost accounting firstly gauge and witness these costs independently, then make a contrast of input results to output or actual results to aid company management in measuring financial performance. Accounting has many roles in today’s modern business. It helps business to determine the profit o r loss for doing business in a specific time period. It helps businesses to determine the taxes which become due. Accounting is information which is used by the investors to decide whether to invest in a specific firm or not.In current world, standard accounting practices commonly known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are used to ensure compliance to all laws and to avoid fraud. From the basic accounting principles, it includes balance sheet equation of assets =  liabilities + stockholder's equity where source of information for the balance sheet is the income statement which is derives by revenues – expenses = net income (loss). Such data is used to prepare financial statements including statement of retained earnings.These financial accounting reports work as barometer to identify the taxes along with other ratios which are used by the investors including current ratio, debt to total assets ratio. All of these reports contribute an important role in tod ay's businesses irrespective of the fact that whether it may be a multi-billion dollar organization or a small store. These financial reports are not only helpful in providing valuable information to the investors but also gave a snap shot of the business to the owners at any point in time. Working of Control Theory at WorkplaceControl theory has multiple applications at workplace. For example, to improve employee working, managers must ensure to have specific and challenging goals which result in improved performance than ambiguous goals. Vague goals like â€Å"try harder† or â€Å"do your best† give no fine relative standard and through feedback. With no specific standard and apparent opinion, an employee will not be able to identify errors and then will not employ in behavior alteration that improves performance. Conclusion Accounting is related with gathering, examining and corresponding economic information.Accounting information supports in many important decisio ns, like assisting users in making well managed decisions, in relation to the effective allocation of scarce resources. Accounting has a long history and it is being seen as socially constructed i. e. it is practiced by people for people and therefore it is more of an art rather than a science. Unlike other professions, which have a body of hypothetical knowledge to depend on to make choices, accounting has evolved as a craft with few rules and little to no theoretical knowledge underpinning its practice and function.Due to alteration in social and economic movement, accounting has been bared to criticism for failing to be more responsive and adaptable. As a result the profession has moved forward to restore accountings position in society by taking a number of initiatives to put into practice theory.

Princess Dianas Wedding Few Hints of Sad Future

Called the wedding of the century, the wedding of Lady Diana Frances Spencer to Charles, Prince of Wales, took place on July 29, 1981, at St. Pauls Cathedral in London. Diana was 20 years old, Charles 32 years old. Also: Princess Diana Wedding Pictures, Princess Diana Biography, Princess Diana Timeline, Princess Diana Quotes, Princess Dianas Funeral The Courtship of Charles and Diana Charles had previously dated Dianas older sister, Sarah. Diane and Charles had met several times before they were re-introduced at a barbecue in 1979, and Charles began to pursue a relationship.   Diana and Charles had been seeing each other for about six months, when he proposed on February 3, 1981, at a dinner for two at Buckingham Palace. He knew she planned a vacation for the next week and hoped shed use the time to consider her answer.   They were together only 12 or 13 times before the wedding, scheduled for July. Wedding Facts The wedding day of Prince Charles and Lady Diana was considered a national holiday. Officiants at the wedding of Diana and Charles included the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Reverence Robert Runcie, and 25 other clerics, some of other denominations. The service itself was the traditional Church of England wedding ceremony, but without the word obey at the couples request. There were 3,500 people in the congregation at St. Pauls Cathedral. Another 750 million people watched the ceremony worldwide, according to BBC figures on the broadcast shown in 74 countries.   This number rose to a billion when the radio audience is added in. Two million spectators lined the route of Dianas procession from Clarence House, with 4,000 police and 2,200 military officers to manage the crowds. Most of the crowned heads of Europe attended, and also most of the elected heads of state of European nations. Also among the guests: Camilla Parker Bowles. Diana and her father, Earl Spencer, arrived at St. Pauls Cathedral in a glass coach, escorted by five mounted military police officers. The carriage was too small to comfortably hold Dianas father and Diana in her dress and train. Dianas wedding dress was a puff ball meringue dress, with huge puffed sleeves and a frilly neckline. The dress was ivory, made of silk taffeta, decorated with antique lace, hand embroidery, sequins, and 10,000 pearls. It was designed by Elizabeth and David Emanuel and had a 25-foot train, the longest train in royal wedding history.   The tiara that she wore was a Spencer family heirloom. Charles wore his full dress naval commander uniform. Three choirs and three orchestras took part in the ceremony at St. Pauls. In the vows, the couple omitted obey from the brides vows, the first royal marriage to do so.   When Prince William married in 2011, the couple also omitted obey.   Diana called her husband Philip Charles Arthur George during the vows, instead of Charles Philip Arthur George.   Charles said thy goods instead of my worldly goods. After the ceremony, the couple went to Buckingham Palace for a small dinner for 120. Appearing on a balcony, Diana and Charles pleased the crowd by kissing. There were 27 wedding cakes, with the official cake by David Avery. Diana was the first British citizen to marry an heir to the British throne in 300 years.   (Charles grandmother was a British citizen, but his grandfather was not the heir at the time of their marriage.) Diana and Charles left for their honeymoon, first going to Broadlands -- Charles two brothers decorated their car with a Just Married sign.   The couple then went to Gibralter and from there on a Mediterranean cruise and then to Scotland, joining the royal family at Balmoral Castle. Diana and Charles separated in 1992 and divorced four years later. Note: Though she was known widely as Princess Diana, Dianas proper title at the time of her death was Diana, Princess of Wales.

Of Mice And Men Curley Character Analysis - 1277 Words

The mystery, the troublemaker, the mischief maker, all these words are used to describe a single person, the wife of the man named Curley. This woman whose name is not ever mentioned in the book, is a character from the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The presence of this woman alone caused mischief, distrust, a bit of rivalry, and mishap on the farm among the coworkers of her husband. This trouble is demonstrated when Slim says to Curley,  ¨ Well, you been askin ´ me too often. I m gettin ´ God d*** sick of is. If you can t look after your own God d*** wife, what you expect me to do about it? You lay offa me. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page sixty-two). Since she liked to hang around places and never stayed at home, her husband Curley†¦show more content†¦I could get you strung up on an tree so easy is aint even funny. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page eighty-one). Is can also be seen with her reaction to her husband getting badly injured,  ¨Awright, cover  ´im up if ya wanta. Whatta I care? You bindle bums think you re so d*** good. Whatta ya think I am, an kid? ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page seventy-eight). Towards the end of the book she tries to find out more about the incident with her husband by talking to Lennie and she ends up sharing her whole life story with him and then ends up dead because she let him stroke her hair because he liked how it felt. When she gave him permission to touch her hair he said that is was soft and started to stroke it harder, which then caused her to react in a scared and angry manner, she then began to act more aggressively in order to escape his firm and vigorous grip, but is just caused more harm. Curley s wife started to scream and Lennie decided to tighten his clench on her body to silence her wails. His actions were too encroaching on her body and it caused him to snap her neck in a matter of seconds, which therefore, caused her to die in a pretty deplorable form. This incident is demonstrated in the book when Lennie says,  ¨ I done a bad thing. I done another bad thing. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page ninety-one). This quote shows and tells what Lennie is thinking and feeling when he kills Curley s wife on accident. If her death in the book hadn t happened, I imagine her life to beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. ThereRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MorePlot Analysis : George Orwell s Of Mice And Men 1092 Words   |  5 PagesPlot Analysis by Chapter Chapter 1 Exposition: A description of the setting, which is south of Soledad, California. George Milton and Lennie Small, two men, are introduced. George, the leader, is small and quick. Lennie, huge and awkward, follows. Rising Action: The men stop. Lennie drinks large gulps from a pool of still water next to the river. George warns him not to drink a lot or he ll get sick again. George reminds Lennie about their plans, but stops when he notices a dead mouse in LennieRead MoreInfluence Of Writer s Life And Times1416 Words   |  6 Pageshardship and destitution, greatly influenced John Steinbeck and his dismal novella, Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck, though raised in a fairly successful family in Salinas, California, knew what it felt like to scrounge for money. Working as a laborer and journalist in New York City, Steinbeck remembers his time immediately after college as hungry, dirty, penniless, and lonely, much like the main characters of Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck grew up with a love of writing, and dreamed of writing stories about hisRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay on Loneliness1318 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 9 10 March 2014 Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Essay on Loneliness â€Å"Actually, feeling lonely has little to do with how many friends you have. It s the way you feel inside. Some people who feel lonely may rarely interact with people and others who are surrounded by people but don t feel connected† (Karyn Hall 2013). Truthfully, loneliness is something almost all people fear. It s a deeper feeling then just being isolated. It s feeling distant or disconnected from others.Read MoreOf Mice And Men : Character Analysis1742 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men: Character Analysis John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author wrote many novels including one of his most famous, Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men teaches many lessons about the nature of human existence. Each relationship grows throughout this short story and end with a dramatic experience. All of the characters, including Lennie, George, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of isolation, seclusion and loneliness. The authorRead MoreInterpretations Of The American Dream1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the land owners forced upon them. As the novel moves into the final stage, he was removed from his dream. American Dream and ‘Of Mice and Men’. The American Dream is presented as being unattainable in John Steinbeck s novel, Of Mice and Men. This is predominantly evident in the case of George, Lennie, Candy, Crooks and Curley s wife. All of these characters admit to fantasizing about the American Dream ; untarnished happiness and the freedom to pursue their aspirations. George and LennieRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s The Loss Of Their Dream 1795 Words   |  8 PagesWe can grieve with George and Lennie not only for the loss of their dream, but also the loss of Lennie. The music helps the audience grieve by instilling melancholic tones to set the emotion of the characters, the medium close up to emphasize the intimate, private, important moments between the characters. One of this is George killing Lennie. A medium close up was done to show the tenseness in George’s face and the sadness he now was carrying. Then we, as the audience, gets to understand the newfoundRead MoreOf Mice and Men Literary Analysis1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Of Mice and Men is a novel about two men and their struggle to reach their dreams of owning their own ranch. George Milton and Lennie Small are best friends, who despite of all their extremely difference personalities, but still manage to work together, travel together and get rid of anything that gets in their way. The friendship between George and Lennie is prevalent throughout the book, but it is shown most explicitly in their plan to live on a farm togetherRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men996 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis on â€Å"Of Mice and Men† In 1992 Gary Sinise directed the tragic film â€Å"Of Mice and Men.† The story is about George Milton and Lennie Small, two friends who travel together in search of work. Though Lennie is very calm and harmless he isn’t very smart and is unaware of his strength, which leads him into trouble. A New York Times article describes him this way; â€Å"Lennie is a gentle giant of a man with the mental capacities of an 8-year-old. He loves to fondle soft things, like mice, puppies

Man on Fire Summary and Analysis Essay - 644 Words

Bullet of Truth: A Brief Summary and Analysis of How a Bullet Never Lies Thesis Statement: In the Man on Fire Suicide Scene, Creasy proves that a bullet never lies. Summary of Man on Fire Suicide Scene: In the movie Man on Fire, criminal gangs are kidnapping children from the wealthy in Mexico City and demanding ransom money for the young ones. Because of the rise in kidnapping, John Creasy, ex counterinsurgent, is hired by a rich man to be a bodyguard for his daughter. He is sitting in the room he is given when he gets up to place a CD in the player. The music begins to play and revels a woman singing, Creasy is now laying on the couch. He then takes a long pull from a bottle of Jack Daniels, places his hand on his head and†¦show more content†¦He pulls out a gun and a rush is felt when he does. He releases the bullet and walks around practicing the moves which are like a second nature to him now. Drinking away more and more of his sorrows and feelings he felt while in a job bred for killing, the bullet eyeing him from the spot on the ground where is had fallen. He then has the gun again, everything pounding in his head. When he brings it up to head, thinking that the end is much better than how he feels now. He begins to pull the trigger, the music and tension then change and Creasy puts the gun down and saves the bullet. This scene shows that a bullet will never lie and reveals the true feelings of a person. Commentary In my summary, I draw facts directly from the movie. The plot of the scene was just a choice. I choose to use how he reacted with the gun and the bullet as a main focus for me analysis. In my analysis, I used the details provided in my summary to support a brief argument about how when someone is put in a life or death situation, their true colors shine and true feelings are revealed. Word Count: 589 Works Cited Man o\On Fire. Dir. Tony Scott. Perf. 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Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment Free Essays

â€Å"We the People of the United States†¦ do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. † Within those opening words, the framers of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Constitution made clear their intentions for democracy in America and their disregard for previous despotic institutions. No longer viewing the individual†s highest duty to be obedience to the state, our founding fathers displayed a firm commitment to bolstering the significance and dignity of the individual. This new found faith in the ability of the populace to govern itself is known as democracy. Democracy itself is an ideal that was developed by the ancient Greeks around 500 B. C. Inherent in all of the freedoms of democracy are certain â€Å"inalienable rights† that are guaranteed to every citizen who resides under that democracy. Following the Constitutional Convention, Federalists, who supported the ratification of the Constitution, obtained the support by promising that an enumeration of the rights of all citizens that would be added as an amendment to the Constitution after it had been ratified, to Anti-Federalists who opposed ratification due to the lack of enumerated rights. In order to outline and expound upon those rights, the Constitution was amended almost immediately following its ratification in 1788. The Bill of Rights, as the first ten amendments have come to be known, was put into effect on the fifteenth day of December, 1791, and is a formal declaration given by the government to define the fundamental liberties of its citizens and thus limit its own power. The first eight amendments contain the essential rights of every citizen, as well as certain procedural precautions instituted to insure the protection of those rights. The enth amendment guarantees the limitation of federal control to those and only those powers granted it in the Constitution. Inherent in the ninth amendment is the vitality of democracy in the United States. The ninth amendment reads: â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. † Amendment nine, while protecting citizens from the infringement of the government on the unenumerated rights of the individual using rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights, also levels any implied hierarchy of rights making no single right of any greater importance than another. The preservation of democracy in America is vitally dependent upon the ninth amendment as illustrated by its inherent ideologies that made it an amendment, its modern judicial implications in relation to the topics of the day, as well as its ability to reinforce those attributes that keep a democracy operating. Once the Constitution had been put into effect and representatives had been sent to Congress, it was time for the amendments that had been promised, to be sent before Congress. The leader in the proposition of amendments to the new Congress was James Madison, the â€Å"Father of the Constitution. † Madison†s chief intention in proposing his amendments to the Constitution was to prevent â€Å"†¦ the abridgment of the freedom of the people by [the] gradual and silent encroachments of those in power. † Madison originally proposed fifteen amendments that were to enumerate all of the inalienable rights of United States citizens. Of those fifteen, twelve were accepted by Congress to be sent to the states for approval under the process outlined in the Fifth Article of the Constitution. What would become the ninth amendment was seen even then as innocuous, but Madison was able to support its importance asking, â€Å"If an enumeration be made of all our rights, will it not be implied that everything omitted is given to the general government? † Democracy, as a free-state, relies inevitably on the protection of the freedoms of the individual; because all of the freedoms that an individual has a right to cannot simply be listed, it is vitally important that those rights which are not spelled out in the body of law that protects the individual continue to be protected from usurpation by the government. Through inference this amendment implies in its own wording that the rights that are listed in the Bill of Rights are so important that they needed to be spelled out, but there are other natural rights belonging to United States citizens that were equally important, but too numerous to mention. These â€Å"natural rights† include the right to choose your own mate, the right to reproductive choice, the right to determine the manner of your child†s education, and even covers rights to personal privacy. Certainly no man would argue the personal, as well as democratic significance of these rights. Thus, Madison, foreseeing the possibilities of the rise of the federal government to the already massive position of power that it now occupies kept it from denying Americans all of those rights that even they take for granted, because they cannot be found specifically enumerated in The judicial implications behind the ninth amendment are innumerable, mainly due to the fact that on a regular basis the government does its best to work its way into the private lives of individuals and instruct them on how to better their conduct in the ace of social morality. One pressing issue facing the people of the United States today is that of doctor-assisted suicide. To date, it has been ruled that suicide is in essence self-murder and accordingly, if murder is illegal so must all forms of it be illegal as well, self and otherwise. However, in light of the unenumerated rights guaranteed to citizens by the ninth amendment, this â€Å"right to die† inherently belongs to the individual as it does ot infringe upon the rights of others. Another modern political debate is that of the legality of homosexuality. Seeing as how, regardless of their sexual orientation, homosexuals are citizens of the United States of America, they also have the right to decide for themselves the person with whom they engage in sexual relations. Sexuality is, therefore, one more of the unenumerated rights bestowed upon the people under the â€Å"innocuous† amendment. Wisely effected for this use, the ninth amendment was cited in the case of Roe v. Wade in the determination of a woman†s right to have an abortion. This right, while not enumerated in the Constitution is still a right of the people under the ninth amendment. The ninth amendment, while famously misunderstood and misinterpreted by Judge Robert Bork in his 1987 confirmation hearing, has only recently been utilized as a tool in the fight for the preservation of the individual citizen†s democratic rights. Bork demonstrated his ineptitude and his inability to be a Supreme Court Justice by stating that he could not logically view the ninth amendment from the mindset of the Constitution†s framers. The ability of a Supreme Court Justice to trust his own insinuations into the minds of our founding fathers is what allows them to make a clear, responsible and accurate assertion about the ramifications of the wording of the Constitution. Unenumerated rights are, by definition, rights that are not specifically listed and are, therefore, more or less unknown. If it was possible to enumerate all of the rights that are delegated to the people under the ninth amendment then it would have been done and the innocuity innate in its creation would be forever erased. As those rights remain constantly emerging and on the verge of emerging the Supreme Court will have to continue to expand its interpretation and better use the ninth amendment for the protection of the intrinsic rights of the American citizen. Democracy itself is reliant upon several things to keep it working: citizen participation, voluntary action and education. The ninth amendment strengthens the wide-spread participation of the citizenry by entrusting them with rights that are God-given, rights that are so innately human that they need not be itemized in the body of law that was created to itemize the inborn rights of all citizens. Any and every individual has the right to run for public office. Each individual is also capable of supporting which ever political party he feels best represents his own personal opinions. He also retains the right to keep those personal opinions to himself if he so chooses. Another characteristic of democracy is its faith and dependence upon education. Although widespread participation is a significantly substantial aspect of democracy, it alone does not ensure the proper maintenance of good government. An active populace is nothing if it is not an educated populace. Education is not an institution that can be left to sort itself out, either. Whether an individual should choose to attend public or private schools, continue to a college or university, or perhaps be taught directly by his parents at home is a right that remains his under the ninth amendment. Without the freedoms and rights that are built-into the educational systems of America by the ninth amendment, the ability of the nation to take action, keep informed, vote intelligently and produce leaders worthy of public trust and responsibility would be drastically diminished. The lack of force inbred in all democracies requires a distinct amount of voluntary action to replace it. The right of the citizen to participate or not to participate in the everyday workings of the democracy in which he lives is always his. The ninth amendment can in that manner work against itself, but thanks to the safeguard of education it can be assumed a majority of the individuals inhabiting a democracy are there of their own free will and there because they wish to cooperate with and for the established system and not against it. The successful operation of American democracy, as well as that of any other democracy, is dependent upon the rights granted to the people of the United States by the ninth amendment. In The Federalist, â€Å"Number 47,† James Madison said that, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. † Madison proposed the Bill of Rights in order to avoid allowances for the federal government to secure a position of tyranny as well as to promote the permanent establishment of democracy. Amendment nine of the Bill of Rights is the amendment that best exemplifies the preservation of that new state of democracy in America by withholding from the national government all those rights that went unenumerated in the Bill of Rights, but which continue to be retained by the people. The right to personal privacy, the right to a choice of educational institutions, the right to receive an abortion, the right to choose your own sexual orientation, the right to follow the political party of your choosing and even the right to die are all bestowed upon the citizenry by the ninth amendment. Democracy, as an institution of sentiment, law and government, could not survive without the guarantee of the ninth amendment that the people shall retain those rights which were given them with birth and which will neither be denied nor disparaged. The increasing clarity of the ninth amendment will continue to provide boundless possibilities for the people of the United States to not only continue in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but also to inhibit federal interference with that goal. How to cite Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment, Papers

Acid Rain and its Effect on Plants Essay

Question: What effect does the different water sources appear to be having on the plant cuttings? What do expect will happen by the end of this project in Unit 9? Are your results supporting your original hypotheses? If so, how? If not, create a newly revised hypothesis? Answer: Introduction Acid rain is a term used to describe all kind of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog that are acidic in nature. The common term used is Acid deposition. Acid rain causes due to mainly due to mainly burning of fossils fuels by coal burning in power plants, automobiles and factories. When the fossils fuels are burned then the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are released in the atmosphere (Agrios, 2005). These gases mix with water, oxygen and other substances and forms sulphuric acid and nitric acid solutions. Acid rain is spread across the atmosphere by winds. When this acid rain enters the earth then it flows across the runoff water surface, water system and sinks into the soil (Somerville, 2008). Acid rain has different bad effects. It kills the aquatic life, damage crops and other vegetarian, damages monuments and building and causes the toxic metals to leach into the underground drinking water sources etc. It affects the biotic and abiotic organisms. The research was conducted to see the effect of acid rain on the plants (Beers, 2007). The research was conducted to see how acid rain can affect the growth of the plant. It also shows the growth of the plant roots can be affected by the acid rain. The research shows the effect of the acid rain effect on the colour and growth of the leaves of the plants. Research Questions What are the different water sources on the growth and development of the cuttings at the end of two weeks? Which water source serves as your control and why? What effect does the different water sources appear to be having on the plant cuttings? What will be the result? Are the results supporting the original hypotheses? If so, then how? If not, then to create a new revised hypothesis. Hypothesis Experiment shows the effect of the different water solution on the different plant cuttings. Experiment shows how the different water solution affects the roots length of the plant, number of leaves cutting and the colour of the leaves, appearance of the leaves and other effects over the plant. Requirements ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY Plant cuttings 4 to 6 Bottled water 16.9 Small cups 4 Other materials required: Tap water, rain water, white vinegar, sedum plant. Procedure Sedum plant was selected. Then it was cutted 2 inch long from the stem, in such way that it has at least 2 leaves. Each stem cutting of the sedum plant was placed separately in a small cup with enough tap water to cover one inch of the bottom of the cutting. Then the stem cutting was grown for 1 week. Observation was recorded of the stem cutting After the end of the first week, an acid water solution was prepared by addition of teaspoon white vinegar to one 16.9 oz bottled water. 4 cups were numbered. Water was replaced from each cup with the tap water, bottled water, acid water. Water was poured in such a way, that it should cover at least one or more inch of the cuttings. So the roots does not dry (Brimblecombe, 2007). Water should be maintained every the time so the root does not dry Water Source Different water solution chosen is the tap water, bottled water, acid water and the rainwater after the second week. Here the tap water is considered as the control. It is considered as the control as pure form of water compare to the other form of water solution. Results Observations were recorded on the below table Initial Observations: End of Week 1 Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 6 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Healthy Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 6 5 4 Yellow Healthy Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow Healthy Table 1: it represents the initial observation after 1st week Week Two Observations Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 5 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow Healthy Week Three Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 5 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 4 3 3 Yellow Dry Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow dry Week Four Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 3 3 2 Yellow Wrinkled Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow dry Final Observations (Week Six): Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow wrinkled Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 0 2 1 Yellow discolour Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow wrinkled Week Five Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 2 2 2 Yellow Wrinkled Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow wrinkled Picture Of The Observation Discussion and Conclusion Acid rain is a broad term that refers the wet and dry deposited material from the atmosphere, which contains nitric acid and sulphuric acids (Gusta, Wisniewski and Tanino, 2009). Acid rain results from the natural sources such as volcanoes and the vegetation decaying and the man made sources, which occurs from fossil fuel combination. When this acidic water falls on the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. Effect of acid rain depends on various factors such as water acidity, soil chemistry and its buffering property and type of fish, trees and the living things. The process by which acid rain damage the plant is very delicate. The acidic water alters the pH of the soil where the plant are growing, dissolving minerals and carrying them. Due to the drop of soil pH plant will suffer (Mardini, 2010). Above experiment shows effect of the different water solution on the different plant cuttings. .Experiment shows how the different water solution affects the roots length of the plant, number of leaves cutting and the colour of the leaves, appearance of the leaves and other effects over the plant (Parks, 2006). Sedum plant is selected for the experiment. Experiment shows that the height of the stem cutting decreased of the acid water solution compare to the other solution. The colour of the leaves of the stem cutting of the acid water solution was decoloured compare to the other water solutions (Simblet, 2010) The results show that how acid water affects the plants growth, compare to the tap water, bottle water and the rainwater. The research concludes the bad effect of acid rain on the plants. References Agrios, G. (2005).Plant pathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Beers, G. (2007).Holt elements of literature. Austin, Tex.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Brimblecombe, P. (2007).Acid rain. Dordrecht: Springer. Gusta, L., Wisniewski, M. and Tanino, K. (2009).Plant Cold Hardiness. CABI. Mardini, R. (2010).Volatile landscape. Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation. Parks, P. (2006).Acid rain. Detroit [Mich.]: KidHaven Press. Simblet, S. (2010).Botany for the Artist. London: DK Pub. Somerville, R. (2008).The forgiving air. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society.