Of Mice And Men Curley Character Analysis - 1277 Words

The mystery, the troublemaker, the mischief maker, all these words are used to describe a single person, the wife of the man named Curley. This woman whose name is not ever mentioned in the book, is a character from the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The presence of this woman alone caused mischief, distrust, a bit of rivalry, and mishap on the farm among the coworkers of her husband. This trouble is demonstrated when Slim says to Curley,  ¨ Well, you been askin ´ me too often. I m gettin ´ God d*** sick of is. If you can t look after your own God d*** wife, what you expect me to do about it? You lay offa me. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page sixty-two). Since she liked to hang around places and never stayed at home, her husband Curley†¦show more content†¦I could get you strung up on an tree so easy is aint even funny. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page eighty-one). Is can also be seen with her reaction to her husband getting badly injured,  ¨Awright, cover  ´im up if ya wanta. Whatta I care? You bindle bums think you re so d*** good. Whatta ya think I am, an kid? ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page seventy-eight). Towards the end of the book she tries to find out more about the incident with her husband by talking to Lennie and she ends up sharing her whole life story with him and then ends up dead because she let him stroke her hair because he liked how it felt. When she gave him permission to touch her hair he said that is was soft and started to stroke it harder, which then caused her to react in a scared and angry manner, she then began to act more aggressively in order to escape his firm and vigorous grip, but is just caused more harm. Curley s wife started to scream and Lennie decided to tighten his clench on her body to silence her wails. His actions were too encroaching on her body and it caused him to snap her neck in a matter of seconds, which therefore, caused her to die in a pretty deplorable form. This incident is demonstrated in the book when Lennie says,  ¨ I done a bad thing. I done another bad thing. ¨ ( John Steinbeck, page ninety-one). This quote shows and tells what Lennie is thinking and feeling when he kills Curley s wife on accident. If her death in the book hadn t happened, I imagine her life to beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. ThereRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MorePlot Analysis : George Orwell s Of Mice And Men 1092 Words   |  5 PagesPlot Analysis by Chapter Chapter 1 Exposition: A description of the setting, which is south of Soledad, California. George Milton and Lennie Small, two men, are introduced. George, the leader, is small and quick. Lennie, huge and awkward, follows. Rising Action: The men stop. Lennie drinks large gulps from a pool of still water next to the river. George warns him not to drink a lot or he ll get sick again. George reminds Lennie about their plans, but stops when he notices a dead mouse in LennieRead MoreInfluence Of Writer s Life And Times1416 Words   |  6 Pageshardship and destitution, greatly influenced John Steinbeck and his dismal novella, Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck, though raised in a fairly successful family in Salinas, California, knew what it felt like to scrounge for money. Working as a laborer and journalist in New York City, Steinbeck remembers his time immediately after college as hungry, dirty, penniless, and lonely, much like the main characters of Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck grew up with a love of writing, and dreamed of writing stories about hisRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay on Loneliness1318 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 9 10 March 2014 Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Essay on Loneliness â€Å"Actually, feeling lonely has little to do with how many friends you have. It s the way you feel inside. Some people who feel lonely may rarely interact with people and others who are surrounded by people but don t feel connected† (Karyn Hall 2013). Truthfully, loneliness is something almost all people fear. It s a deeper feeling then just being isolated. It s feeling distant or disconnected from others.Read MoreOf Mice And Men : Character Analysis1742 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men: Character Analysis John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author wrote many novels including one of his most famous, Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men teaches many lessons about the nature of human existence. Each relationship grows throughout this short story and end with a dramatic experience. All of the characters, including Lennie, George, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of isolation, seclusion and loneliness. The authorRead MoreInterpretations Of The American Dream1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the land owners forced upon them. As the novel moves into the final stage, he was removed from his dream. American Dream and ‘Of Mice and Men’. The American Dream is presented as being unattainable in John Steinbeck s novel, Of Mice and Men. This is predominantly evident in the case of George, Lennie, Candy, Crooks and Curley s wife. All of these characters admit to fantasizing about the American Dream ; untarnished happiness and the freedom to pursue their aspirations. George and LennieRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s The Loss Of Their Dream 1795 Words   |  8 PagesWe can grieve with George and Lennie not only for the loss of their dream, but also the loss of Lennie. The music helps the audience grieve by instilling melancholic tones to set the emotion of the characters, the medium close up to emphasize the intimate, private, important moments between the characters. One of this is George killing Lennie. A medium close up was done to show the tenseness in George’s face and the sadness he now was carrying. Then we, as the audience, gets to understand the newfoundRead MoreOf Mice and Men Literary Analysis1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Of Mice and Men is a novel about two men and their struggle to reach their dreams of owning their own ranch. George Milton and Lennie Small are best friends, who despite of all their extremely difference personalities, but still manage to work together, travel together and get rid of anything that gets in their way. The friendship between George and Lennie is prevalent throughout the book, but it is shown most explicitly in their plan to live on a farm togetherRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men996 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis on â€Å"Of Mice and Men† In 1992 Gary Sinise directed the tragic film â€Å"Of Mice and Men.† The story is about George Milton and Lennie Small, two friends who travel together in search of work. Though Lennie is very calm and harmless he isn’t very smart and is unaware of his strength, which leads him into trouble. A New York Times article describes him this way; â€Å"Lennie is a gentle giant of a man with the mental capacities of an 8-year-old. He loves to fondle soft things, like mice, puppies

Man on Fire Summary and Analysis Essay - 644 Words

Bullet of Truth: A Brief Summary and Analysis of How a Bullet Never Lies Thesis Statement: In the Man on Fire Suicide Scene, Creasy proves that a bullet never lies. Summary of Man on Fire Suicide Scene: In the movie Man on Fire, criminal gangs are kidnapping children from the wealthy in Mexico City and demanding ransom money for the young ones. Because of the rise in kidnapping, John Creasy, ex counterinsurgent, is hired by a rich man to be a bodyguard for his daughter. He is sitting in the room he is given when he gets up to place a CD in the player. The music begins to play and revels a woman singing, Creasy is now laying on the couch. He then takes a long pull from a bottle of Jack Daniels, places his hand on his head and†¦show more content†¦He pulls out a gun and a rush is felt when he does. He releases the bullet and walks around practicing the moves which are like a second nature to him now. Drinking away more and more of his sorrows and feelings he felt while in a job bred for killing, the bullet eyeing him from the spot on the ground where is had fallen. He then has the gun again, everything pounding in his head. When he brings it up to head, thinking that the end is much better than how he feels now. He begins to pull the trigger, the music and tension then change and Creasy puts the gun down and saves the bullet. This scene shows that a bullet will never lie and reveals the true feelings of a person. Commentary In my summary, I draw facts directly from the movie. The plot of the scene was just a choice. I choose to use how he reacted with the gun and the bullet as a main focus for me analysis. In my analysis, I used the details provided in my summary to support a brief argument about how when someone is put in a life or death situation, their true colors shine and true feelings are revealed. Word Count: 589 Works Cited Man o\On Fire. Dir. Tony Scott. Perf. Denzel Washington. 20th Century Fox, 2004.Show MoreRelatedThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 Pagespoor man with many unpaid debts. He viewed his father as overly pensive, slow to act and womanly. For this reason, he frequently beats his wives, even threatening to kill them from time to time. Therefore, Okonkwo adopts opposite traits; Okonkwo is rash, quick to act, and excessively violent. Okonkwo always associated violence with masculinity. Achebe uses figurative language like metaphors and similes to compare Okonkwo to a fire. â€Å" during this time Okonkwo s fame had grown like a bush-fire in theRead MoreLiterary Analysis - the Law of Life Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: LITERARY ANALYSIS Literary Analysis Sergio Scott Grand Canyon University ENG-353 American Literature II Susan Crannell September 28, 2011 Sergio Scott Susan Crannell ENG 353 September 29, 2011 Literary Analysis Naturalism was a literary movement that took place from the 1880s until the 1940s. It used realism as a mechanism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had a monumental impact in changing or defining human character. Naturalism exposesRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesIn his early years, Vonnegut was a private in the 106th infantry division in World War II. He and five scouts were caught behind enemy lines, and then captured. 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Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment Free Essays

â€Å"We the People of the United States†¦ do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. † Within those opening words, the framers of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Constitution made clear their intentions for democracy in America and their disregard for previous despotic institutions. No longer viewing the individual†s highest duty to be obedience to the state, our founding fathers displayed a firm commitment to bolstering the significance and dignity of the individual. This new found faith in the ability of the populace to govern itself is known as democracy. Democracy itself is an ideal that was developed by the ancient Greeks around 500 B. C. Inherent in all of the freedoms of democracy are certain â€Å"inalienable rights† that are guaranteed to every citizen who resides under that democracy. Following the Constitutional Convention, Federalists, who supported the ratification of the Constitution, obtained the support by promising that an enumeration of the rights of all citizens that would be added as an amendment to the Constitution after it had been ratified, to Anti-Federalists who opposed ratification due to the lack of enumerated rights. In order to outline and expound upon those rights, the Constitution was amended almost immediately following its ratification in 1788. The Bill of Rights, as the first ten amendments have come to be known, was put into effect on the fifteenth day of December, 1791, and is a formal declaration given by the government to define the fundamental liberties of its citizens and thus limit its own power. The first eight amendments contain the essential rights of every citizen, as well as certain procedural precautions instituted to insure the protection of those rights. The enth amendment guarantees the limitation of federal control to those and only those powers granted it in the Constitution. Inherent in the ninth amendment is the vitality of democracy in the United States. The ninth amendment reads: â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. † Amendment nine, while protecting citizens from the infringement of the government on the unenumerated rights of the individual using rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights, also levels any implied hierarchy of rights making no single right of any greater importance than another. The preservation of democracy in America is vitally dependent upon the ninth amendment as illustrated by its inherent ideologies that made it an amendment, its modern judicial implications in relation to the topics of the day, as well as its ability to reinforce those attributes that keep a democracy operating. Once the Constitution had been put into effect and representatives had been sent to Congress, it was time for the amendments that had been promised, to be sent before Congress. The leader in the proposition of amendments to the new Congress was James Madison, the â€Å"Father of the Constitution. † Madison†s chief intention in proposing his amendments to the Constitution was to prevent â€Å"†¦ the abridgment of the freedom of the people by [the] gradual and silent encroachments of those in power. † Madison originally proposed fifteen amendments that were to enumerate all of the inalienable rights of United States citizens. Of those fifteen, twelve were accepted by Congress to be sent to the states for approval under the process outlined in the Fifth Article of the Constitution. What would become the ninth amendment was seen even then as innocuous, but Madison was able to support its importance asking, â€Å"If an enumeration be made of all our rights, will it not be implied that everything omitted is given to the general government? † Democracy, as a free-state, relies inevitably on the protection of the freedoms of the individual; because all of the freedoms that an individual has a right to cannot simply be listed, it is vitally important that those rights which are not spelled out in the body of law that protects the individual continue to be protected from usurpation by the government. Through inference this amendment implies in its own wording that the rights that are listed in the Bill of Rights are so important that they needed to be spelled out, but there are other natural rights belonging to United States citizens that were equally important, but too numerous to mention. These â€Å"natural rights† include the right to choose your own mate, the right to reproductive choice, the right to determine the manner of your child†s education, and even covers rights to personal privacy. Certainly no man would argue the personal, as well as democratic significance of these rights. Thus, Madison, foreseeing the possibilities of the rise of the federal government to the already massive position of power that it now occupies kept it from denying Americans all of those rights that even they take for granted, because they cannot be found specifically enumerated in The judicial implications behind the ninth amendment are innumerable, mainly due to the fact that on a regular basis the government does its best to work its way into the private lives of individuals and instruct them on how to better their conduct in the ace of social morality. One pressing issue facing the people of the United States today is that of doctor-assisted suicide. To date, it has been ruled that suicide is in essence self-murder and accordingly, if murder is illegal so must all forms of it be illegal as well, self and otherwise. However, in light of the unenumerated rights guaranteed to citizens by the ninth amendment, this â€Å"right to die† inherently belongs to the individual as it does ot infringe upon the rights of others. Another modern political debate is that of the legality of homosexuality. Seeing as how, regardless of their sexual orientation, homosexuals are citizens of the United States of America, they also have the right to decide for themselves the person with whom they engage in sexual relations. Sexuality is, therefore, one more of the unenumerated rights bestowed upon the people under the â€Å"innocuous† amendment. Wisely effected for this use, the ninth amendment was cited in the case of Roe v. Wade in the determination of a woman†s right to have an abortion. This right, while not enumerated in the Constitution is still a right of the people under the ninth amendment. The ninth amendment, while famously misunderstood and misinterpreted by Judge Robert Bork in his 1987 confirmation hearing, has only recently been utilized as a tool in the fight for the preservation of the individual citizen†s democratic rights. Bork demonstrated his ineptitude and his inability to be a Supreme Court Justice by stating that he could not logically view the ninth amendment from the mindset of the Constitution†s framers. The ability of a Supreme Court Justice to trust his own insinuations into the minds of our founding fathers is what allows them to make a clear, responsible and accurate assertion about the ramifications of the wording of the Constitution. Unenumerated rights are, by definition, rights that are not specifically listed and are, therefore, more or less unknown. If it was possible to enumerate all of the rights that are delegated to the people under the ninth amendment then it would have been done and the innocuity innate in its creation would be forever erased. As those rights remain constantly emerging and on the verge of emerging the Supreme Court will have to continue to expand its interpretation and better use the ninth amendment for the protection of the intrinsic rights of the American citizen. Democracy itself is reliant upon several things to keep it working: citizen participation, voluntary action and education. The ninth amendment strengthens the wide-spread participation of the citizenry by entrusting them with rights that are God-given, rights that are so innately human that they need not be itemized in the body of law that was created to itemize the inborn rights of all citizens. Any and every individual has the right to run for public office. Each individual is also capable of supporting which ever political party he feels best represents his own personal opinions. He also retains the right to keep those personal opinions to himself if he so chooses. Another characteristic of democracy is its faith and dependence upon education. Although widespread participation is a significantly substantial aspect of democracy, it alone does not ensure the proper maintenance of good government. An active populace is nothing if it is not an educated populace. Education is not an institution that can be left to sort itself out, either. Whether an individual should choose to attend public or private schools, continue to a college or university, or perhaps be taught directly by his parents at home is a right that remains his under the ninth amendment. Without the freedoms and rights that are built-into the educational systems of America by the ninth amendment, the ability of the nation to take action, keep informed, vote intelligently and produce leaders worthy of public trust and responsibility would be drastically diminished. The lack of force inbred in all democracies requires a distinct amount of voluntary action to replace it. The right of the citizen to participate or not to participate in the everyday workings of the democracy in which he lives is always his. The ninth amendment can in that manner work against itself, but thanks to the safeguard of education it can be assumed a majority of the individuals inhabiting a democracy are there of their own free will and there because they wish to cooperate with and for the established system and not against it. The successful operation of American democracy, as well as that of any other democracy, is dependent upon the rights granted to the people of the United States by the ninth amendment. In The Federalist, â€Å"Number 47,† James Madison said that, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. † Madison proposed the Bill of Rights in order to avoid allowances for the federal government to secure a position of tyranny as well as to promote the permanent establishment of democracy. Amendment nine of the Bill of Rights is the amendment that best exemplifies the preservation of that new state of democracy in America by withholding from the national government all those rights that went unenumerated in the Bill of Rights, but which continue to be retained by the people. The right to personal privacy, the right to a choice of educational institutions, the right to receive an abortion, the right to choose your own sexual orientation, the right to follow the political party of your choosing and even the right to die are all bestowed upon the citizenry by the ninth amendment. Democracy, as an institution of sentiment, law and government, could not survive without the guarantee of the ninth amendment that the people shall retain those rights which were given them with birth and which will neither be denied nor disparaged. The increasing clarity of the ninth amendment will continue to provide boundless possibilities for the people of the United States to not only continue in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but also to inhibit federal interference with that goal. How to cite Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment, Papers

Acid Rain and its Effect on Plants Essay

Question: What effect does the different water sources appear to be having on the plant cuttings? What do expect will happen by the end of this project in Unit 9? Are your results supporting your original hypotheses? If so, how? If not, create a newly revised hypothesis? Answer: Introduction Acid rain is a term used to describe all kind of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog that are acidic in nature. The common term used is Acid deposition. Acid rain causes due to mainly due to mainly burning of fossils fuels by coal burning in power plants, automobiles and factories. When the fossils fuels are burned then the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are released in the atmosphere (Agrios, 2005). These gases mix with water, oxygen and other substances and forms sulphuric acid and nitric acid solutions. Acid rain is spread across the atmosphere by winds. When this acid rain enters the earth then it flows across the runoff water surface, water system and sinks into the soil (Somerville, 2008). Acid rain has different bad effects. It kills the aquatic life, damage crops and other vegetarian, damages monuments and building and causes the toxic metals to leach into the underground drinking water sources etc. It affects the biotic and abiotic organisms. The research was conducted to see the effect of acid rain on the plants (Beers, 2007). The research was conducted to see how acid rain can affect the growth of the plant. It also shows the growth of the plant roots can be affected by the acid rain. The research shows the effect of the acid rain effect on the colour and growth of the leaves of the plants. Research Questions What are the different water sources on the growth and development of the cuttings at the end of two weeks? Which water source serves as your control and why? What effect does the different water sources appear to be having on the plant cuttings? What will be the result? Are the results supporting the original hypotheses? If so, then how? If not, then to create a new revised hypothesis. Hypothesis Experiment shows the effect of the different water solution on the different plant cuttings. Experiment shows how the different water solution affects the roots length of the plant, number of leaves cutting and the colour of the leaves, appearance of the leaves and other effects over the plant. Requirements ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY Plant cuttings 4 to 6 Bottled water 16.9 Small cups 4 Other materials required: Tap water, rain water, white vinegar, sedum plant. Procedure Sedum plant was selected. Then it was cutted 2 inch long from the stem, in such way that it has at least 2 leaves. Each stem cutting of the sedum plant was placed separately in a small cup with enough tap water to cover one inch of the bottom of the cutting. Then the stem cutting was grown for 1 week. Observation was recorded of the stem cutting After the end of the first week, an acid water solution was prepared by addition of teaspoon white vinegar to one 16.9 oz bottled water. 4 cups were numbered. Water was replaced from each cup with the tap water, bottled water, acid water. Water was poured in such a way, that it should cover at least one or more inch of the cuttings. So the roots does not dry (Brimblecombe, 2007). Water should be maintained every the time so the root does not dry Water Source Different water solution chosen is the tap water, bottled water, acid water and the rainwater after the second week. Here the tap water is considered as the control. It is considered as the control as pure form of water compare to the other form of water solution. Results Observations were recorded on the below table Initial Observations: End of Week 1 Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 6 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Healthy Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 6 5 4 Yellow Healthy Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow Healthy Table 1: it represents the initial observation after 1st week Week Two Observations Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 5 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow Healthy Week Three Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 5 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 5 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 4 3 3 Yellow Dry Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow dry Week Four Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 3 3 2 Yellow Wrinkled Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow dry Final Observations (Week Six): Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow wrinkled Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 0 2 1 Yellow discolour Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow wrinkled Week Five Observations: Water Source Roots Visible? Length of Roots? Number of Leaves on Cutting? Color of Leaves? Appearance of Leaves (Healthy, Dry, Wrinkled, Discolored, etc.)? Other Observations? Tap Water 4 5 3 Yellow Healthy Bottled Water 4 4 3 Yellow Dry Acid Water (White Vinegar Solution) 2 2 2 Yellow Wrinkled Rain Water 4 4 3 yellow wrinkled Picture Of The Observation Discussion and Conclusion Acid rain is a broad term that refers the wet and dry deposited material from the atmosphere, which contains nitric acid and sulphuric acids (Gusta, Wisniewski and Tanino, 2009). Acid rain results from the natural sources such as volcanoes and the vegetation decaying and the man made sources, which occurs from fossil fuel combination. When this acidic water falls on the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. Effect of acid rain depends on various factors such as water acidity, soil chemistry and its buffering property and type of fish, trees and the living things. The process by which acid rain damage the plant is very delicate. The acidic water alters the pH of the soil where the plant are growing, dissolving minerals and carrying them. Due to the drop of soil pH plant will suffer (Mardini, 2010). Above experiment shows effect of the different water solution on the different plant cuttings. .Experiment shows how the different water solution affects the roots length of the plant, number of leaves cutting and the colour of the leaves, appearance of the leaves and other effects over the plant (Parks, 2006). Sedum plant is selected for the experiment. Experiment shows that the height of the stem cutting decreased of the acid water solution compare to the other solution. The colour of the leaves of the stem cutting of the acid water solution was decoloured compare to the other water solutions (Simblet, 2010) The results show that how acid water affects the plants growth, compare to the tap water, bottle water and the rainwater. The research concludes the bad effect of acid rain on the plants. References Agrios, G. (2005).Plant pathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Beers, G. (2007).Holt elements of literature. Austin, Tex.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Brimblecombe, P. (2007).Acid rain. Dordrecht: Springer. Gusta, L., Wisniewski, M. and Tanino, K. (2009).Plant Cold Hardiness. CABI. Mardini, R. (2010).Volatile landscape. Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation. Parks, P. (2006).Acid rain. Detroit [Mich.]: KidHaven Press. Simblet, S. (2010).Botany for the Artist. London: DK Pub. Somerville, R. (2008).The forgiving air. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society.

How Emerging Technology Effects Modern Society Essays - Diploma

How Emerging Technology Effects Modern Society How Emerging Technology Effects Society: The microeconomics picture of the U.S has changed immensely since 1973, and the trends are proving to be consistently downward for he nation's high school graduates and high school dropouts. Of all the reasons given for the wage squeeze - international competition, technology, deregulation, the decline of unions and defense cuts technology is probably the most critical. It has favored the educated and the skilled, says M. B. Zuckerman, editor-in-chief of U.S. News and World Report (7/31/95). Since 1973, wages adjusted for inflation have declined by about a quarter for high school dropouts, by a sixth for high school graduates and by about 7% for those with some college education. Only the wages of college graduates are up. Of the fastest growing technical jobs, software engineering tops the list. Carnegie Mellon University reports, recruitment of its software engineering students is up this year by over 20%. All engineering jobs are paying well; proving that highly skilled labor is what employers are interested for potential employees. There is clear evidence that the supply of workers in the unskilled labor categories already exceeds the demand for their services, says L. Mishel, Research Director of Welfare Reform Network. In view of these facts, I wonder if these trends are good or bad for society. The danger of the information age is that while in the short run it may be cheaper to replace workers with technology, in the long run it is potentially self-destructive because there will not be enough purchasing power to grow the economy, M. B. Zuckerman. My feeling is that the trend from unskilled labor too highly technical, skilled labor is a good one! But, political action must be taken to ensure that this societal evolution is beneficial to all of us. Back in 1970, a high school diploma could still be a ticket to the middle income bracket, a nice car in the driveway and a house in the suburbs. Today all it gets is a clinker parked on the street, and a dingy apartment in a low rent building, says Time Magazine (Jan 30, 1995 issue). However, in 1970, our government provided our children with a free education, allowing the vast majority of our population to earn a high school diploma. This means that anyone, regardless of family income, could be educated to a level that would allow them a comfortable place in the middle class. Even restrictions upon child labor hours kept children in school, since they are not allowed to work full time while under the age of 18. This government policy was conducive to our economic markets, and allowed our country to prosper from 1950 through 1970. Now, our own prosperity has moved us into a highly technical world, that requires highly skilled labor. The natural answer to this problem, is that the U.S. Government's education policy must keep pace with the demands of the highly technical job market. If a middle class income of 1970 required a high school diploma, and the middle class income of 1990 requires a college diploma, then it should be as easy for the children of the 90's to get a college diploma, as it was for the children of the 70's to get a high school diploma. This brings me to the issue of our country's political process, in a technologically advanced world. Voting & Poisoned Political Process in The U.S. The advance of mass communication is natural in a technologically advanced society. In our country's short history, we have seen the development of the printing press, the radio, the television, and now the Internet; all of these, able to reach millions of people. Equally natural, is the poisoning and corruption of these media's, to benefit a few. From the 1950's until today, television has been the preferred media. Because it captures the minds of most Americans, it is the preferred method of persuasion by political figures, multinational corporate advertising, and the upper 2% of the elite, who have an interest in controlling public opinion. Newspapers and radio experienced this same history, but are now somewhat obsolete in the science of changing public opinion. Though I do not suspect television to become completely obsolete within the

Free Essays on Thoreau

In Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, Thoreau takes a strong look at the government and the reasons why some government laws should not be followed. In Thoreau’s opening lines he states, â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all;† (4-5). At the time when this essay was written, slavery was not only legal but it was a law that blacks must be owned. Slaves had no rights. They were in America for the sole purpose of working for the white man. Thoreau states, â€Å"if one HONEST man, in this state of Massachusetts, ceasing to hold slaves, were actually to withdraw from this copartnership, and he locked up in the county jail therefor, it would be the abolition of slavery in America,†(341-345). Thoreau is simply asking for people to disobey the laws of slavery in order to free the slaves who are people, who are human, and who should be given the same rights as other human beings. In my opinion, it is this statement that Martin Luther King Jr. took to heart as he fought for equality for all people. Thoreau goes on to speak of a time when he was asked by the State to pay money to the clergy because his father attended church. Thoreau refused to pay, however another person instead paid the money for him. Thoreau stated, â€Å"I did not see why the schoolmaster should be taxed to support the priest, and not the priest the schoolmaster, but I supported myself by voluntary subscription. I did not see why the lyceum should not present its tax bill, and have the State to back its demand, as well as the Church,† (465-470). After that incident, Thoreau made a statement in writing and gave it to the clerk to let the State know that he did not want to be a member of any organization that he had not joined of his own accord. Lastly, Thoreau speaks of a poll tax. Thoreau seemed to question the use of such money and of course he refused to pay the tax. This time his refusal landed him in jail. It is believed that it is this one night in... Free Essays on Thoreau Free Essays on Thoreau Henry David Thoreau begins his poem â€Å"Woof of the Sun, Etheral Gauze† with a description of fog covering the sun. Woof of the sun, ethereal gauze, Woven of Nature's richest stuffs, Visible heat, air-water, and dry sea, Last conquest of the eye†¦// (ll. 1-4) At first glance, the preceding passage offers an ordinary image of the sun hidden behind clouds. Through oxymorons he presents the boundless qualities of the low cloud of fog; the phrases â€Å"visible heat,† air water,† and dry sea† each present a state beyond the physical world free from temporal restrictions. More importantly Thoreau depicts the clouds as â€Å"ethereal gauze,† illustrating the sheerness of the clouds, yet how too the clouds partially conceal the sun from the eye. This special treatment of diaphanous media- fog and smoke- is a unique feature in Thoreau’s poems â€Å"Mist,† â€Å"Fog,† â€Å"The Sluggish Smoke† and â€Å"Light-Winged Icarian Bird.† Thoreau employs these metaphors to represent the semi-obscured realm that connects the physical world from the spiritual realm. For Thoreau, there was no distinction between the physical world and the spiritual world unlike Ralph Waldo Emerson who believes ther e is a division. Images of fog are featured in Thoreau’s poetry to present the bridge between Nature and heaven. The images of smoke serve as a metaphor of the human imagination attempting to reach to connect the two realms. In the poem â€Å"Mist,† one can see Thoreau recognizing and retaining the beauty of the physical world, but also featuring metaphysical attributes to the fog imagery: Low-anchored cloud Newfoundland air, Fountain-head and source of rivers, Dew-cloth, dream drapery, And napkin spread by fays; Drifting meadow of the air, Where bloom the daisied banks and violets, And in whose fenny labyrinth The bittern booms and heron wades; Spirit of lakes and seas and rivers, Bear only perfumes and the scent O... Free Essays on Thoreau As a follower of transcendentalism, Thoreau projected individualism in his literary works, Walden and â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† Thoreau had a deep emphasis on nature, as displayed in his works, as well as his freedom and following conscience. Walden Pond was one of Thoreau’s favorite spots in Concord, Massachusetts. Walden Pond is a symbol for self-exploration; it must answer human nature depth for depth. Even as a very young child, he could stand alone among the trees at Walden Pond and not feel lonely. The people around his small town referred to Thoreau as â€Å"nature’s own child† (Reef 21). Thoreau spent more time outdoors than in the small cabin he built by Walden Pond. Thoreau took long walks in the woods and fields around his town in Concord, Massachusetts. While he was at Walden, Thoreau was alone quite often, but he was rarely lonely. Walden is a book about Thoreau’s experiences while living in the woods beside Walden Pond. Walden is not a long book, but it is filled with wonderful sentences that grab at your mind and stay in your ear (Burleigh 20). This book has helped many people think about and change their lives. Thoreau summed up his reasoning for living by Walden Pond by saying, â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived† (Daugherty 15). Thoreau felt peaceful and at one with nature. He felt deeply about nature; he felt it reached right into your feelings. Yet thoughts (Ring 5). Thoreau felt that â€Å"Natural objects and phenomena are the original symbols or types which express our thoughts and feelings, and yet American scholars, having little or no root in the soil, commonly strive with all their might to confide themselves to the imported symbols alone. All the true growth and experience, the living speech, they would fa... Free Essays on Thoreau In Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, Thoreau takes a strong look at the government and the reasons why some government laws should not be followed. In Thoreau’s opening lines he states, â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all;† (4-5). At the time when this essay was written, slavery was not only legal but it was a law that blacks must be owned. Slaves had no rights. They were in America for the sole purpose of working for the white man. Thoreau states, â€Å"if one HONEST man, in this state of Massachusetts, ceasing to hold slaves, were actually to withdraw from this copartnership, and he locked up in the county jail therefor, it would be the abolition of slavery in America,†(341-345). Thoreau is simply asking for people to disobey the laws of slavery in order to free the slaves who are people, who are human, and who should be given the same rights as other human beings. In my opinion, it is this statement that Martin Luther King Jr. took to heart as he fought for equality for all people. Thoreau goes on to speak of a time when he was asked by the State to pay money to the clergy because his father attended church. Thoreau refused to pay, however another person instead paid the money for him. Thoreau stated, â€Å"I did not see why the schoolmaster should be taxed to support the priest, and not the priest the schoolmaster, but I supported myself by voluntary subscription. I did not see why the lyceum should not present its tax bill, and have the State to back its demand, as well as the Church,† (465-470). After that incident, Thoreau made a statement in writing and gave it to the clerk to let the State know that he did not want to be a member of any organization that he had not joined of his own accord. Lastly, Thoreau speaks of a poll tax. Thoreau seemed to question the use of such money and of course he refused to pay the tax. This time his refusal landed him in jail. It is believed that it is this one night in...

What does the term Model Minority refer to According to Chan, how Essay

What does the term Model Minority refer to According to Chan, how accurate is this perspective Explain their argument. Who is excluded from this perspective Is it harmful - Essay Example The publicity that has been given to the Asian minorities and brought forth the term â€Å"model minority† is due to factors like low crime rates among young people in these communities and their higher socio economic status as compared to other minorities. Media publicity that propagated this view described how Asian Americans had been able to achieve a higher social class and standing through cultural mechanisms like hard work, their frugal lifestyles, their sacrifices for children and their family ties (Pyong 2006:80). The criticism levelled against the model minority program contends that the publicity hype does not take into account all the relevant factors. For instance, the claims about Asian Americans achieving a higher economic status than white Americans in some cases, does not take into account the fact that in most Asian American families, more than one person in the family was earning and contributing, which helped to account for the higher family income. (Chan 168). Furthermore, while it was true that Asian Americans such as Chinese and Japanese had significantly higher levels of schools than non-Hispanic whites, their median incomes in the long run were no higher because the returns that should have come to them due to their higher levels of schooling were lower than the whites. According to the Human capital theory, the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience comprises human capital, hence the greater the capital, the greater should be the wages. Where Asian Americans are concerned however, this does not appear to hold good, since they receive lower wages in general despite higher education. The model minority thesis has also been criticized on the grounds that it does not take into consideration the fact that most Asian Americans live in cities where wages in general are higher, as are also expenses. Comparing

Employee Perceptions of Equity in Performance Appraisals Essay

Employee Perceptions of Equity in Performance Appraisals - Essay Example This proposed study is of considerable interest as performance appraisals rest solely on the judgment of the appraising manager and the process generally lacks a "bias  This proposed study is of considerable interest as performance appraisals rest solely on the judgment of the appraising manager and the process generally lacks a "bias   Research Proposal 3control" methodology. These judgments inherent in appraisal often decide compensation and career progression and the employee has little or no opportunity to influence the outcome of this process (Davis & Landa, 1999).  Bias, not necessarily negative, can also be attributed to relationships between the appraising manager and other employees, in which the rater may inflate the performance rating of another employee based on closeness and camaraderie. This creates a situation where performance appraisals are perceived as unfair, damaging manager/employee relationships.  Because of these factors, this study will identify the di fferent types of appraisal bias, where these biases stem from, and how long-term, working relationships between manager and subordinate can be strengthened through possible bias control methods. In order to assess these factors, the following questions will be analyzed through primary research within the study:1. To identify employee perceptions of the performance appraisal process –  Ã‚  What sources of perceived bias exist in contemporary business organizations?

Business contiunity Management is a luxury in times of recession Essay

Business contiunity Management is a luxury in times of recession - Essay Example Matthys (2009) lists some disruptive or unexpected events which may occur to an organization that may bring harm and other major impacts to the organization and community. Example of events are broken equipments; computer viruses and other IT fraud; phone, internet, power and gas failure; natural calamities; terrorist attacks and all forms of pandemics; and other events that hinder the flow of operations of the business. 2. RECESSION VS. BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT When recession strikes, it is the period when the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is negative. GDP is the total value of the annual output of goods and services produced within a nation's borders. It excludes the foreign output of domestic firms and includes the domestic output of foreign firms (Mankiw, 2008). Because of low GDP, companies' level of output they produce annually has been reduced. One common mistake of some companies during recession is when there is less money to go around, they will cut off their bu dgets. When this happens, it is inevitable to lay off key employees to reduce their expenses. When there's a decrease of employment rate in the economy, people will be earning lower incomes that will result to a decrease of consumer spending. Businesses then will be forced to lower the prices of their goods that will eventually cause a deflation (KCLAU, n.d.). The 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attack is an example in which local and national economies were pushed into recession. The Fiscal Policy Institute (2001) categorized the three types of direct effects of the WTC fall. First were the businesses that comprise the WTC area. Most of them are securities, insurance carrier, real estate operations and data processing services. Thousands of people working at the hotels, restaurants, banks and other establishments near the WTC lost their jobs, hence Lower Manhattan experienced decline of sales. Furthermore, other industries in New York were also greatly affected in the attac k. Example is the air transport industry which comprises 54,000 jobs was shut down for few days not just because of the attack but also most people were already scared to travel by air. This resulted to the decline of tourism. Lastly, the household spending in New York was reportedly made a huge impact during the attack and its aftermath. New York's annual consumption spending is over $200 billion. A 10% one month reduction in consumer spending was assumed by FPI resulting to 9600 job loss. Before the 9/11 attack, it was stated in the Info Security News Magazine of 2000 that 90% of losses will be reduced if an organisation had established beforehand an effective BCP in case of any unwanted event. After the attack, a study conducted that about 81% of CEOs had said that their company plans wouldn't be able to survive with that kind of incident (Naef, 2003). 3. OBJECTIVE CATEGORIES 3.1 STRATEGIC To fully understand the whole coverage of Business Continuity Management, an organization m ust begin first in the development of the business continuity strategies. These are courses of actions used in the development and implementation of business continuity plan which are approved, documented and funded by the management of the organization. The results of the

Apoptosis And Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins Family: A

Apoptosis And Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins Family: A   Background Apoptosis is an orchestrated biological cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions(1). It is essential for regulating development, homeostasis, and immune-system function in organisms(2). In mammalian cells, apoptosis is mediated by a family of cysteine proteases named caspases which are initially expressed in cells as inactive procaspase precursors and are activated by two pathways, the extrinsic ( or death receptor) and intrinsic (or mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways(1). The extrinsic pathway is activated by the binding of ligands such as Fas ligand (FasL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to death receptors on the cell surface, FAS and the TNF receptor (TNFR), respectively, which leads to the formation of the death-induced signalling complex (DISC)(3)(4). DISC recruits caspase-8 and promotes the cascade of procaspase activation that follows(5). The intrinsic pathway is triggered by extracellular and intracellular stresses, such as high cytosolic [ca+2 ], hypoxia, severe oxidative stress, DNA damage(5), which results in the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the release of pro-apoptotic molecules such as cytochrome C and others into the cytoplasm(6), the formation of the apoptosome- a large protein complex that is made up of cytochrome C, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1) and caspase-9 and caspase activation(7). On the other hand, cell death is also modified by other mitochondrial proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor(AIF), second mitochondria- derived activator of caspase (Smac), direct IAP Binding protein with low PI (DIABLO)   and Omi/high temperature requirement protein A (Htr A2)(7). Smac/ DIABLO or Omi/HtrA2 induces cell death independently of caspase activation by counteracting inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)- mediated caspase inhibition(7)(8)( Fig. 1). The upstream caspase for the intrinsic pathway is caspase 9, while that of the extrinsic pathway is caspase 8. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways cleave the precursor forms of effector caspases, such ascaspase-3, caspase-6 and caspase-7(9). Activated effector caspases cleave many vital cellular proteins such as protein kinases, cytoskeletal proteins, DNA repair proteins and inhibitory subunits of endonucleases family and break up the nuclear scaffold and cytoskeleton(9). They also activate DNAase, that further degrade nuclear DNA(10), which together contribute to the typical morphological changes in apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer(1). Besides, targeting the apoptotic pathways for cancer treatment is supported by several findings emphasizing the role of aberrant apoptosis in tumorigenesis and also resistance to anticancer treatment. Evasion from apoptosis is critical for tumor growth and a hallmark of cancer(11). One of the mechanisms by which evasion of apoptosis occurs is   disrupted balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins(1). A delicate balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms determines whether a cell death signal can activate the apoptotic program. It is not the absolute quantity but rather the ratio of these pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins that controls the regulation of cell death. In this balance, pro-apoptotic proteins activate apoptosis and anti-apoptotic proteins inhibit apoptosis(12)(13). Inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAPs)   are important members of the anti-ap optotic family of proteins that can inhibit   caspase activation and play a key role in regulating of apoptosis in many species(1). Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs): The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins are a group of structurally and functionally similar proteins that regulate programmed cell death, cytokinesis and signal transduction(14). The   IAP gene is 1.6 kb in size encoding a 31 kDa protein with a zinc finger-like motif. Many IAP family members have been identified in almost all species from viruses to mammals(15). They are characterized by the baculovirus IAP repeats (BIR) domain at the N- terminus, the name of which derives from the original discovery of these apoptosis suppressors in the genome of baculoviruses(16). The BIR domain contains approximately 70 amino acids. Although the number of BIR domains varies among IAP members, each BIR domain is made up of cysteine and histidine residues in a well-defined pattern (CX2CX16HX6C)(15). IAP acts as endogenous inhibitor of caspases by binding of their conserved BIR domains to the active sites of caspases in vitro and   vivo. IAPs inhibit caspases by promoting the degradation of active caspases, or by sequestering the caspases away from their substrates(17). When IAP family members are overexpressed, cancer cells no longer proceed to apoptosis and become increasingly resistant to standard chemo- and radiation therapies(18)(19). Many studies have established a circumstantial association between IAPs and cancer. Pathological overexpression of several IAP family members has been detected in several classes of human cancers(20)(21)(22). The eight IAPs identified in humans are cIAP1, cIAP2, NAIP, Survivin, XIAP, apollon, ILP-2 and livin(23). Interestingly, many data have shown that c-IAP1, c-IAP2 and XIAP are   broadly expressed in normal cells(24)(22). In normal tissues, IAPs could have some potential physiological roles, such as the regulation of the immune system(25), the response to cell damage(25), cell survival and differentiation(26). On the other hand, it has been proven in many studies that survivin, unlike other IAPs, is prominently expressed in vast majority of neoplasms but not in differentiated normal tissues(27). Survivin has been reported to be overexpressed in various cancers including breast and lung cancer, prostate, gastric, colon, bladder and esophageal carcinomas, osteosarcomas and lymphomas(28)(29). Overexpression of survivin was also found to be significantly associated with poor prognosis and decreased survivial rates in many cancers(30)(31). Survivin: Survivin (also Called IAP 4) is a protein with a crucial role in regulating both cell division and apoptosis. It is the smallest member of the IAP family(29). Survivin, a 16.5 kDa intracellular   protein of 142 amino acid, was discovered in 1997 by Ambrosini and colleagues(32). Structurally, survivin contains a single BIR domain. This domain is essential for its anti-apoptotic activity(33). However, instead of a ring finger domain (RING) near the C-terminus shared by others members of the IAPs, survivin contains a C-terminus alpha-helical coiled-coil (CC) domain which is thought to be important for its interaction with microtubules, hence its roles in cell cycle(34)(35) In normal tissues, survivin shows cell -cycle dependent expression during cell division. Its expression increases in G2/M phase and decreases rapidly in G1(29). The regulation of survivn expression and function is complex and can occur at various levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-translational modification, and protein stability regulation(27). it is regulated by a number of factors such as: NF-nB(36), insulin-like growth factor I/mTOR(37), Ras oncogene family(38), E2F, Sp1, TCF, and heat shock protein (Hsp) 90(39)(40).   Survivin is also regulated by p53 wild type. Additionally, post-transcriptional phosphorylation has been proven to play a   regulatory role in survivin activation(41). Biologic function of survivin Survivin as an inhibitor of apoptosis The mechanism by which survivin inhibits apoptosis is still controversial. Initially, survivin and other IAPs were postulated to inhibit apoptosis directly by interfering with the function of caspase-3, caspase- 7, and caspase-9(42).   In support of this model, it was shown that survivin can interact with Smac/DIABLO physically, thus placing survivin in a central position in the dynamic balance of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors(43). However, Structural analyses of survivin indicated later that any effect on caspase should be indirect, as it lacks the amino acid sequence that is essential in other IAPs for caspase binding. Also, the survivin gene is highly conserved in a wide range of organisms, and all of its orthologues are involved in mitotic regulation but not in cytoprotection(44).   Studies of cells from survivin-knockout mice have cast further doubt on the existence of a direct link between survivin and apoptosis(45). Later experiments indicated that Survivin inhibits active caspase-9 but not active caspase-3 and caspase-7. And, survivin mediated inhibition of caspase-9 requires interaction and cooperation with other molecules such as   HBXIP (hepatitis B X-interacting protein)(46) and   XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) which also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP3)(47) (Fig. 3). Survivin also provides cytoprotection to cells through the inhibition of the AIF pathway, which is known to induce caspase-independent DNA fragmentation(48). Survivin as a promotor of mitosis The cell- cycle dependent expression of survivin in normal tissues   supports strongly its role in cell division. During mitosis, survivin acts in a narrow time window at metaphase and anaphase. It is acting as an interphase between the centromere/central spindle and the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC)(49). CPC is a hetero-tetrameric complex which localizes to different sites at different times during mitosis, and   is composed of four components:   Aurora-B Kinase (enzymatic component), Borealin/Dasra, Survivin and inner centromere protein (INCENP)(50)(51). CPC is essential for proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis(52). Inactivation of mammalian survivin -or its orthologues in lower organisms results in cytokinesis abnormalities, particularly spindle defects(53)(54) (Fig. 3)(55). Survivin facilitating angiogenesis In addition to its roles in apoptosis and mitosis, survivin   promotes angiogenesis. it is strongly expressed in endothelial cells (EC) during   the proliferative phase of angiogenesis(56)(57) and the antisense-mediated suppression of survivin   during angiogenesis stimulates vascular regression in vitro(58). Besides, exposure of cultured vascular EC to angiogenic factors such as VEGF and bFGF result in increasing survivin expression (both mRNA and protein)(59)(60). Survivin expression In normal physiological conditions, survivin is usually expressed in   embryonic lung and fetal organs in the developmental Stages(61). The protein is also detected in mature tissues with high proliferation potential such as thymus, placenta, CD34+ stem cells and basal colonic epithelial cells(61)(62)(63). However survivin seems to be selectively expressed in transformed cells and in most human cancers. Many studies have shown that survivin, unlike other IAPs, is prominently expressed in the vast majority of neoplasms but not in the differentiated normal tissue(27). Based on detection of protein by immunohistochemistry and mRNA by polymerase chain reaction techniques, overexpression of survivin has been reported in various human malignancies including lung cancer(64), breast cancer(65)(66); stomach(67)(68), esophagus(69), liver(70)(71), ovary cancers(72), brain(73) and hematological cancers(74). Additionally, the immunological responses which detected against survivin supports its specific up-regulation in malignant cells(75)(76). Survivin protein has also been shown to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) response in   breast cancer, melanoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia patients(76). Survivin expression can be deregulated in cancer by several mechanisms, including amplification of the survivin locus on chromosome 17q25 (77), demethylation of survivin exons(78), increased promoter activity(79), and increased upstream signaling in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or mitogen activated protein kinase pathways(80). Overall, increased survivin expression in several malignancies is associated with cancer survival or disease recurrence, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In a study of 275 patients with breast cancer demonstrated that survivin was a significant prognostic factor and predicted the outcome independent of patients age, tumor size and histologic grade(81). In the case of ovarian cancers, survivin expression was correlated with poor prognostic factors such as: high histologic  grade, mutant p53, and poor histologic type(81)(82). Also, previous studies demonstrated that survivin was expressed in benign brain and pituitary tumors. Although survivin   was also present in normal pituitary tissue,   the level of the gene expression was 6-fold higher in tumors than in normal pituitary tissue(83). In a study of 222   patients who underwent radical cystectomy, survivin was expressed in 64% of bladder tumors and 94% of malignant lymph nodes, but not in normal bladder specime ns and its expression correlated with disease recurrence and disease-specific mortality(84).   Also, increased survivin expression has been associated with an unfavorable survival or disease recurrence in colorectal cancer(85), particularly in stage II disease in esophageal cancer(86), hepatocellular carcinoma(87), lung cancer(88), glioma(89), leukemia(90), and other cancer types. A   study in oral cancer demonstrated that the extent of survivin expression was negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation(91). Additionally, survivin overexpression may be a predictive factor to determine response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with bladder cancer(92), breast cancer(93), multiple myeloma(94), lung cancer(95) and lymphoma(96)(97). On other hand, patients with lower survivin expression were more responsive to preoperative chemotherapy with 5-flourouracil and cisplatin in esophageal cancer(98). It is also reported that patients with lower survivin expression in pretreatment biopsies were more responsive to radiotherapies in rectal cancer(99). While Overexpression of survivin was associated with   resistance to a taxol-based   therapy for ovarian carcinomas(100). In addition to full-length transcript (survivin (wild type)), five splice variants, which result from splicing of survivin BIRC5 gene pre-messenger RNA (mRNA), have been described: survivin-ΔEx3, survivin-3B, survivin-2ß, survivin2ÃŽ ± and survivin 3ÃŽ ± with different structure and function(101)(102)(103). Previous studies showed that an imbalance in the alternative transcript ratios may affect the cell to be resistant or sensitive to apoptosis(104). This alternative splicing of Survivin has been shown to have correlation with disease activity in various patient studies. For example, studies showed that Survivin-ΔEx3 and survivin-3B were found to be highest in tumors with advanced histological grade and were associated with poor prognosis(105)(106). On other hand, the expression of survivin-2ß was significantly higher in small tumor size and was inversely associated with axillary node positive carcinomas(106). Besides different splicing forms, immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that survivin also localized   in distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular pools. Cytosolic Survivin is believed to act as apoptotic suppressor while nuclear Survivin is postulated to regulate cell division(29). There are conflicting data of pathological significance of nuclear Survivin.   Some Splicing studies showed that nuclear staining of survivin is associated with favorable prognosis(107), while others showed Its expression in the nuclei of tumor cells appears to be associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes(108)(109). Also, the cellular localization of Survivin isoforms   differs. while survivin-2ß   and Survivin 2a are localized in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, survivin-ΔEx3 is localized in both mitochondria and nucleus(110). Additionally, Methylation and Phosphorylation are critical requirements for survivin function. Several observations show that survivin is unmethylated in cancer but may be selectively methylate  d in normal tissues with individual variations(111)(112). Methylation may play an important role in the p53 mediated suppression of survivin(113). Another critical requirement for survivin function is the phosphorylation on Thr34(114) Treatment approaches: Due to important role of Survivin in tumor cell division, apoptosis, chemo resistance and survival, survivin represents a unique target for biologic therapy in many human malignancies. Several novel experimental therapeutic strategies have been developed to block the expression or function of Survivin in tumour cells. These include immunotherapeutic approaches to induce immune response against Survivin, small molecule inhibitors/antagonists of   survivin function, and nucleic acid based approaches which interfere with Survivin gene expression(115)   such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), ribozymes and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)(116). Also, Vaccine approaches such as dendritic cell based (DC) vaccines, DNA vaccines(117), peptide vaccines for Survivin have also been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Survivin ASOs were first used against malignant melanoma cell lines. Transfection with the ASOs triggered spontaneous apoptosis linked to decreased endogenous survivin expression(118) . Treatment with LY2181308, a specific inhibitor of Survivin mRNA which has already entered the phase 1 trial(119). YM-155 is a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant which inhibits survivin mRNA transcription and protein expression in p53-deficient cancer cells in vitro(120). YM155 has also shown to be effective in vivo models of prostate, pancreatic, and lung cancer(120)(121). Ribozyme mediated approaches have also been evaluated for inhibition of Survivin expression. Down-regulation of human Survivin gene expression and increased apoptosis was achieved by using two hammerhead ribozymes (RZ-1, RZ-2) targeting human Survivin mRNA (122) PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud Advanced Topics in Foundations of Databases PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud Stavros Anastasios Iakovou Introduction In our days it is widely know that modern web applications are directly linked with databases. In addition, the number of the users is highly increas- ing through the time and as result the related databases start overloading. Furthermore, despite the fact that data indepence would be ideal for im- plemeting lithe applications developers abandoned this idea in order to avoid expensive queries. Hence, Michael Armbrust et al.[1] implemented a new declarative language called PIQL, a scale independent language. A large number of frameworks have already appeared in order to assist developers to create modern web applications. However, this plethora of websites with millions of users led to database failures due to lack of request managing. As a result, there was a demand on implementation of a new system that will control all these requests and provide efficient results to users. A few methods have introduced and one of the most popular is NoSQL. Despite the fact that NoSQL provided a high level interface, data indepen- dence created scalability problems since a large number of queries took a lot of time. This led to to several issues like performance failing and user disatisfaction as well. In order to avoid this bad situation scientists hand coded key/value implementations. On the one hand, this provided the de- sirable scalability but, on the other hand is was not easy enough for the developers to write that kind of code to parallelize their queries so as to fi achieve high scalability. Another significant issue is time consuming functions rewrites. Now, once we talked about several problems occured by queries in the next section we will discuss about PIQL. More specifically, we will present this method and give a brief summary of the implementation. In the rest of the document we will discuss about the performance of the previous imple- mentation. What is PIQL? In this section we will discuss and analyze the PIQL (PerformanceInsightful Query Language) model. One important advantage of PIQL is that intro- duced the notion of scale independency. More specifically, the model pre- serves the logical data independence. The most significant about data this technique is that performace maintains not only on small datasets but also in large as well. For this reason this is called success-tolerant since the success is for every large dataset. But why PIQL is successful? The answer is on the limitation on key/value store operations. As we previously mentioned, one goal of PIQL is to avoid issues when the database gets larger. PIQL uses static analysis in order to fi the correct number of operation in every step of the execution. Before we move to the next step of the analysis of the methodology we should mention the four queries classes. The fi one is called constant since the processing time is constant. The second one is the bounded class. More specifically this class refers to bounded data when the site becomes more popular. For instance, in case of Facebook every user has a limit of 5000 friends. The third class is called sub-linear or linear and is referring to queries that become more successfull when the data increase linearly. The last one is Super-linear where intermediate calculations are necessary for the queries. Now, once we mentioned all the necessary theoritical parts of PIQL we will discuss on its structure. Every server is directly connected with a Distributed Key/Value Store. Hence, this methodology maintains the scalability and the response time is now predictable. A significant drawback of this technique is that a specific key/value store is required so as to maintain data locality. On the other hand, this method is non-blocking and according to Chen et al.[2] can reduce memory latency. Another important benefit of PIQL is that extends the cardinality con- straint of regular direction to diff ent directions as well. More specifi , these cardinalities provide several information on its relationships. For in- stance, a Facebook user should have no more than 5000 friends. This is a very significant information since selecting the wrong number for limita- tions can lead back to the previous problems. Thinking again the Facebook limitations for the maximum number of friends on Facebook, according to Brandtzg et al.[3] a significant issue that occurs is the lack of privacy. Hence, the limitations are not only important for the performance but also for the user protection as well. In addition, the same person can create a new profit for free and add his new friends there. As a result, 5000 friends is not actually a limitation for a user and is provided in terms of privacy and performance. According to Michael Armbrust et al.[1] their algorithm for scale inde- pendent optim ization contains two phases. The fi one is reffering to stop operator insertion. In order to maintain scalability, the algorithm starts by fi a linear join ordering on the query parser. Depsite the fact that stop operator is already contained due to LIMIT which in contained in the reg- ular query, scientists have introduced data-stop operators which are pushed in lower levels in order to preserve the initial rules without the demand of  restart the whole system. Next, after fiphase 1 the second step which is called remote op- erator matching. As we previously mentioned we should ensure scalabiliy. Hence, the intermediate results are bounded. But how all these logical op- erators are mapped on remote operators? For Index Scan, that means that maximum one attribute can be affected by predicates. As for Index Foreign Key join the number of tuples after the join is less than or than the tuples of the initial plan. References [1] Armbrust, Michael, et al. PIQL: Success-tolerant query processing in the cloud. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 5.3 (2011): 181-192. [2] Chen, Tien-Fu, and Jean-Loup Baer. Reducing memory latency via non- blocking and prefetching caches. Vol. 27. No. 9. ACM, 1992. [3] Brandtzg, Petter Bae, Marika Lders, and Jan Hvard Skjetne. Too many Facebook friends? Content sharing and sociability versus the need for pri- vacy in social network sites. Intl. Journal of HumanComputer Interaction 26.11-12 (2010): 1006-1030.

i hate fish sticks :: essays research papers

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